Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Disease Modifying Therapies
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MedicineReferences
1. Raine CS, McFarland HF, Tourtellotte WW. Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Pathogenetic basis. Chapman and Hall.1997
2. Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. New insights into the immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 1997; 10:181-185.
3. Alter M, Leibowitz U, and Speer J. Risk of multiple sclerosis related to age at immigration to Israel. Arch. Neurol 1996; 15:234-7
4. Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP, et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically-based study 1. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989; 112:133-46.
5. Bronnum-Hansen H, Koch-Henriksen N and Hyllested K. Survival of patients with multiple sclerosis in Denmark: a nationwide, long-term epidemiologic survey. Neurology 1994; 44:1901-7.
6. Sadovnick AD, Eisen K, Ebers GC, et al. Cause of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics. Neurology 1991; 41:1193-6.
7. Poser S, Wikstrom J and Bauer HJ. Clinical data and the identification of special forms of multiple sclerosis in 1271 cases studied with a standardized documentation system. J. Neurol. Sci 1979; 40:159-68.
8. Rivers TM and Schwentker FF. Encephalomyelitis accompanied by myelin destruction experimentally produced in monkeys. J. Exp. Med 1935; 61: 689-702.
9. Ormerod IEC, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions: a qualitative study. Brain 1987; 110:1579-616.
10. Miller H, Newell DJ, and Ridley A. Multiple Sclerosis: treatment of acute exacerbations with corticotrophin (ACTH). Lancet 1961; 2:1120-22.
11. Rose AS, Kuzma JW, Kurtzkes JF et al. Co-operative study in the evaluation of therapy in multiple sclerosis ACTH versus placebo: final report. Neurology 1970; 20:1-59.
12. Thompson AJ, Kennard C, Swash M, et al. Relative efficacy of IV methylprednisolone and ACTH in the treatment of acute relapses in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989; 39:969-71.
13. Barnes D, Hughes RAC, Morris RW, et al. Randomised trial of oral and intravenous methyprednisolone in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997; 349:902-6.
14. Goodkin DE, Kinkel RP, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. A phase 2 study of IV methylprednisolone in secondar progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998; 51:239-45.
15. IFN beta Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 1. Clinical results of a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43:655-61.
16. Paty DW, Li DKB, UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFN beta multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. MRI analysis results of a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43:662-7.
17. O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DPE et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow-up. Brain 1998; 121:495-503.
18. European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: placebo-controlled, multi- centre, randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352:1491-7.
19. Jacobs LD, Cookfair, DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1996; 39:285-94.
20. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer-1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting MS: results of a phase 3 multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995; 45:1268-76.
21. Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian glatiramer acetate study group: multi-centre, double- blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on MRI-measured activity and burden in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2001; 49:290-7.
22. Milo R, Panitch H. Additive effects of copolymer-1 and interferon beta-1b on the immune response to myelin basic protein. J. Neuroimmunol 1995; 61(2):185-93.
23. Brod SA, Lindsey JW and Wolinsky JS. Combined therapy with glatiramer acetate and a type 1 interferon (IFN alpha) does not improve experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Ann. Neurol 2000; 47:127-31.
24. Yudkin PL, Ellison GW, Ghezzi A, et al. Overview of azathioprine treatment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1991; 338:1051-1055.
25. Fazekas F, Deisenhammer F, Strasser-Fuchs S, et al. Treatment effects of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin on patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: further analysis of the Austrian Immunoglobulin in MS study. Multiple Sclerosis 1997; 3:37-42.
26. Edan G, Miller D, Clanet M, et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methyprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, multi-centre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J. Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatr 1997; 62:112-18.
27. Millefiorini F, Gasperini C, Pozzilli C, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting MS: 24 month clinical and MRI outcome. J. Neurol 1997; 244:153-9.
28. Hartung HP, Gonsette RE and the MIMS study group. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomised, observer-blind European phase 3 multi-centre study. Clinical data. Multiple Sclerosis 1998; 4:325.
29. Sorensen PS, Wanscher B, Jensen CV, et al. IV immunoglobulin G reduces MRI activity in relapsing- remitting MS. Neurology 1998; 50:1273-81.
30. Hohlfeld R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997; 120: 865-916.
2. Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. New insights into the immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 1997; 10:181-185.
3. Alter M, Leibowitz U, and Speer J. Risk of multiple sclerosis related to age at immigration to Israel. Arch. Neurol 1996; 15:234-7
4. Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP, et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically-based study 1. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989; 112:133-46.
5. Bronnum-Hansen H, Koch-Henriksen N and Hyllested K. Survival of patients with multiple sclerosis in Denmark: a nationwide, long-term epidemiologic survey. Neurology 1994; 44:1901-7.
6. Sadovnick AD, Eisen K, Ebers GC, et al. Cause of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics. Neurology 1991; 41:1193-6.
7. Poser S, Wikstrom J and Bauer HJ. Clinical data and the identification of special forms of multiple sclerosis in 1271 cases studied with a standardized documentation system. J. Neurol. Sci 1979; 40:159-68.
8. Rivers TM and Schwentker FF. Encephalomyelitis accompanied by myelin destruction experimentally produced in monkeys. J. Exp. Med 1935; 61: 689-702.
9. Ormerod IEC, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions: a qualitative study. Brain 1987; 110:1579-616.
10. Miller H, Newell DJ, and Ridley A. Multiple Sclerosis: treatment of acute exacerbations with corticotrophin (ACTH). Lancet 1961; 2:1120-22.
11. Rose AS, Kuzma JW, Kurtzkes JF et al. Co-operative study in the evaluation of therapy in multiple sclerosis ACTH versus placebo: final report. Neurology 1970; 20:1-59.
12. Thompson AJ, Kennard C, Swash M, et al. Relative efficacy of IV methylprednisolone and ACTH in the treatment of acute relapses in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989; 39:969-71.
13. Barnes D, Hughes RAC, Morris RW, et al. Randomised trial of oral and intravenous methyprednisolone in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997; 349:902-6.
14. Goodkin DE, Kinkel RP, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. A phase 2 study of IV methylprednisolone in secondar progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998; 51:239-45.
15. IFN beta Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 1. Clinical results of a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43:655-61.
16. Paty DW, Li DKB, UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFN beta multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. MRI analysis results of a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43:662-7.
17. O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DPE et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow-up. Brain 1998; 121:495-503.
18. European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: placebo-controlled, multi- centre, randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352:1491-7.
19. Jacobs LD, Cookfair, DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1996; 39:285-94.
20. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer-1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting MS: results of a phase 3 multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995; 45:1268-76.
21. Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian glatiramer acetate study group: multi-centre, double- blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on MRI-measured activity and burden in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2001; 49:290-7.
22. Milo R, Panitch H. Additive effects of copolymer-1 and interferon beta-1b on the immune response to myelin basic protein. J. Neuroimmunol 1995; 61(2):185-93.
23. Brod SA, Lindsey JW and Wolinsky JS. Combined therapy with glatiramer acetate and a type 1 interferon (IFN alpha) does not improve experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Ann. Neurol 2000; 47:127-31.
24. Yudkin PL, Ellison GW, Ghezzi A, et al. Overview of azathioprine treatment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1991; 338:1051-1055.
25. Fazekas F, Deisenhammer F, Strasser-Fuchs S, et al. Treatment effects of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin on patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: further analysis of the Austrian Immunoglobulin in MS study. Multiple Sclerosis 1997; 3:37-42.
26. Edan G, Miller D, Clanet M, et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methyprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, multi-centre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J. Neurol, Neurosurg, Psychiatr 1997; 62:112-18.
27. Millefiorini F, Gasperini C, Pozzilli C, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting MS: 24 month clinical and MRI outcome. J. Neurol 1997; 244:153-9.
28. Hartung HP, Gonsette RE and the MIMS study group. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomised, observer-blind European phase 3 multi-centre study. Clinical data. Multiple Sclerosis 1998; 4:325.
29. Sorensen PS, Wanscher B, Jensen CV, et al. IV immunoglobulin G reduces MRI activity in relapsing- remitting MS. Neurology 1998; 50:1273-81.
30. Hohlfeld R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997; 120: 865-916.
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2003-01-01
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Doyle, S. (2003). Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Disease Modifying Therapies. Trinity Student Medical Journal , 4(1). Retrieved from https://ojs.tchpc.tcd.ie/index.php/tsmj/article/view/1921
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