Colorectal Cancer Screening- mainstay of prevention
Keywords:
medicineAbstract
Screening for colorectal cancer clearly reduces colorectal cancer mortality. Effective, safe, and
relatively inexpensive methods for screening for the disease have been available for decades.
Screening is recommended by a number of professional organizations, including the
Multidisciplinary Expert Panel, the US Preventive Services Task Force and the American Cancer
Society. However, no consensus has been reached on which screening modality to use. This article
aims to critically assess the evidence for use of available colorectal cancer screening tests,
including fecal occult blood tests, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, double-contrast barium enema,
and newer tests such as virtual colonoscopy and stool-based molecular screening.
References
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Cancer J Clin. 2001;51:15-36
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Ireland Cancer Registry/ National Cancer Registry 2004
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Nov;35(6):425-31
4. Peltomaki P. Deficient DNA mismatch repair: a common etiologic factor for colon
cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:735
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J Med 1995; 332: 861-8676. Scholefield JH. Screening BMJ 2000;321:1004-1006
7. Smith RA, Von Eschenbach AC, Wender R. et al. American Cancer
SocietyGuidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer: Update of Early Detection Guidelines
for Prostate, Colorectal, and Endometrial Cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:38-75
8. Pigone, M., Rich, M., Teutsch, S. M., Berg, A. O., Lohr, K. N. & U S Preventive
Services Task Force. (2002). Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Recommendation and
Rationale. Ann Intern Med 137, 129-131
9. Winawer, S., Fletcher, R., Rex, D., Bond, J., Burt, R., Ferrucci, J., Ganiats, T., Levin,
T., Woolf, S., Johnson, D., Kirk, L., Litin, S. & Simmang, C. (2003). Colorectal cancer
screening and surveillance: Clinical guidelines and rationale--Update based on new evidence.
Gastroenterology124, 544-560
10. Imperiale, T. F., Wagner, D. R., Lin, C. Y., Larkin, G. N., Rogge, J. D. & Ransohoff,
D. F. Results of Screening Colonoscopy among Persons 40 to 49 Years of Age. N Engl J Med
2002, 346, 1781-1785
11. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH et al The Effect of Fecal Occult- Blood Screening
on the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1603-1607
12. Liebermann DA, Hardford WV, Ahnen DJ et al. One- Time Screening for Colorectal
Cancer with Combined Fecal Occult-Blood Testing and Examination of the Distal Colon N
Engl J Med 2001; 345:555-560
13. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR et al Reducing Mortality from Colorectal Cancer by
Screening for Fecal Occult Blood N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1365-1371
14. Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH Colorectal Cancer Mortality:
Effectiveness of Biennial screening for Fecal Occult Blood J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:434-
437
15. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of
faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1996;348:1472-7
16. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Turnbull BA, Ross MR. Fecal DNA
versus Fecal Occult Blood for Colorectal-Cancer Screening in an Average-Risk Population N
Engl J Med 2004; 351:2704-2714
17. Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, Surawicz TS, Marcus PM. Screening
Sigmoidoscopy and Colorectal cancer Mortality J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1572-1575
18. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Morimoto LM, Templeton A, Potter JD. Long-Term
Efficacy of Sigmoidoscopy in the Reduction of Colorectal Cancer Incidence J Natl Cancer
Inst 95: 622-625
19. Glick S. Double-contrast barium enema for colorectal cancer screening: a review of
the issues and a comparison with other screening alternatives. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;
174:1529-1537
20. Halligan S, Marshall M, Taylor S, Bartram C, Basett P, Cardwell C Atkin W
Observer variation in the detection of colorectal neoplasia on double-contrast barium enema:
implications for colorectal screening and training Clin Radiol. 2003; 58: 948-54
21. Steine S, Stordahl A, Lunde OC, Loken K, Laerum E. DCBE versus colonoscopy in
the diagnosis of neoplastic disorders: aspects of decision-making in general practice. Fam
Pract 1993;10:288 -291
22. Williams CB, Macrae FA, Bartram CI. A perspective study of diagnostic methods in
adenoma follow-up. Endoscopy 1982;14:74 -78
23. De Zwart IM, Grifioen G, Pertaap M, Shaw C, Cornelis, Lamers BHW and Roos A.
Barium enema and Endoscopy for the detection of colorectal Neoplasia: Sensitivity,
specificity, complications and its determinants Clin Radiol 2001; 56: 401-9
25. Imperiale TF, Wagner D, Lin CY, Larkin GN, Rogg LD, Ransohoff D. Risk of
Advanced Proximal Neoplasms in Asymptomatic Adults According to the Distal Colorectal
Findings N Engl J Med 2000; 343:169-174
26. Liebermann D, Weiss DG, Bond JH et al Use of Colonoscopy to Screen
Asymptomatic Adults for Colorectal Cancer N Engl J Med 2000; 343:162-168
27. Lewis, J.D., Ng, K., Hung, K.E., Bilker, W.B., Berlin, J.A., Brensinger, C., Rustgi,
A.K. Detection of Proximal Adenomatous Polyps With Screening Sigmoidoscopy: A
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Screening Colonoscopy. Arch Intern Med 2003;163,
413-420
28. Winawer, S. J., Zauber, A. G., Ho, M. N., O' Brien, M. J., Gottlieb, L. S., Sternberg, S.
S., Waye, J. D., Schapiro, M., Bond, J. H., Panish, J. F., Ackroyd, F., Shike, M., Kurtz, R. C.,
Hornsby-Lewis, L., Gerdes, H., Stewart, E. T& The National Polyp Study Workgroup.
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer by Colonoscopic Polypectomy N Engl J Med 1993; 329,
1977-1981
29. Citarda, F., Tomaselli, G., Capocaccia, R., Barcherini, S., Crespi, M. & The Italian
Multicentre Study Group. Efficacy in standard clinical practice of colonoscopic polypectomy
in reducing colorectal cancer incidence Gut 2001; 48, 812-815.
30. Rex, D. K., Johnson, D. A., Lieberman, D. A., Burt, R. W. & Sonnenberg, A.
Colorectal cancer prevention 2000: screening recommendations of the American College of
Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterology 2000; 95:868-877
31. Helen M. Fenlon HM, Nunes DP Comparison of Virtual and Conventional
Colonoscopy for the Detection of Colorectal Polyps N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1496-1503
Cancer J Clin. 2001;51:15-36
2. Campo J, Comber H, Gavin AT. All Ireland Cancer Statistics 1998-2000 Northern
Ireland Cancer Registry/ National Cancer Registry 2004
3. Morson BC. The evolution of colorectal carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 1984
Nov;35(6):425-31
4. Peltomaki P. Deficient DNA mismatch repair: a common etiologic factor for colon
cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:735
5. Toribara NW and Marvin H Sleisenger MH. Screening for colorectal cancer . N Engl
J Med 1995; 332: 861-8676. Scholefield JH. Screening BMJ 2000;321:1004-1006
7. Smith RA, Von Eschenbach AC, Wender R. et al. American Cancer
SocietyGuidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer: Update of Early Detection Guidelines
for Prostate, Colorectal, and Endometrial Cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:38-75
8. Pigone, M., Rich, M., Teutsch, S. M., Berg, A. O., Lohr, K. N. & U S Preventive
Services Task Force. (2002). Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Recommendation and
Rationale. Ann Intern Med 137, 129-131
9. Winawer, S., Fletcher, R., Rex, D., Bond, J., Burt, R., Ferrucci, J., Ganiats, T., Levin,
T., Woolf, S., Johnson, D., Kirk, L., Litin, S. & Simmang, C. (2003). Colorectal cancer
screening and surveillance: Clinical guidelines and rationale--Update based on new evidence.
Gastroenterology124, 544-560
10. Imperiale, T. F., Wagner, D. R., Lin, C. Y., Larkin, G. N., Rogge, J. D. & Ransohoff,
D. F. Results of Screening Colonoscopy among Persons 40 to 49 Years of Age. N Engl J Med
2002, 346, 1781-1785
11. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH et al The Effect of Fecal Occult- Blood Screening
on the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1603-1607
12. Liebermann DA, Hardford WV, Ahnen DJ et al. One- Time Screening for Colorectal
Cancer with Combined Fecal Occult-Blood Testing and Examination of the Distal Colon N
Engl J Med 2001; 345:555-560
13. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR et al Reducing Mortality from Colorectal Cancer by
Screening for Fecal Occult Blood N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1365-1371
14. Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F, Bond JH Colorectal Cancer Mortality:
Effectiveness of Biennial screening for Fecal Occult Blood J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:434-
437
15. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of
faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1996;348:1472-7
16. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, Turnbull BA, Ross MR. Fecal DNA
versus Fecal Occult Blood for Colorectal-Cancer Screening in an Average-Risk Population N
Engl J Med 2004; 351:2704-2714
17. Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, Surawicz TS, Marcus PM. Screening
Sigmoidoscopy and Colorectal cancer Mortality J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1572-1575
18. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Morimoto LM, Templeton A, Potter JD. Long-Term
Efficacy of Sigmoidoscopy in the Reduction of Colorectal Cancer Incidence J Natl Cancer
Inst 95: 622-625
19. Glick S. Double-contrast barium enema for colorectal cancer screening: a review of
the issues and a comparison with other screening alternatives. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;
174:1529-1537
20. Halligan S, Marshall M, Taylor S, Bartram C, Basett P, Cardwell C Atkin W
Observer variation in the detection of colorectal neoplasia on double-contrast barium enema:
implications for colorectal screening and training Clin Radiol. 2003; 58: 948-54
21. Steine S, Stordahl A, Lunde OC, Loken K, Laerum E. DCBE versus colonoscopy in
the diagnosis of neoplastic disorders: aspects of decision-making in general practice. Fam
Pract 1993;10:288 -291
22. Williams CB, Macrae FA, Bartram CI. A perspective study of diagnostic methods in
adenoma follow-up. Endoscopy 1982;14:74 -78
23. De Zwart IM, Grifioen G, Pertaap M, Shaw C, Cornelis, Lamers BHW and Roos A.
Barium enema and Endoscopy for the detection of colorectal Neoplasia: Sensitivity,
specificity, complications and its determinants Clin Radiol 2001; 56: 401-9
25. Imperiale TF, Wagner D, Lin CY, Larkin GN, Rogg LD, Ransohoff D. Risk of
Advanced Proximal Neoplasms in Asymptomatic Adults According to the Distal Colorectal
Findings N Engl J Med 2000; 343:169-174
26. Liebermann D, Weiss DG, Bond JH et al Use of Colonoscopy to Screen
Asymptomatic Adults for Colorectal Cancer N Engl J Med 2000; 343:162-168
27. Lewis, J.D., Ng, K., Hung, K.E., Bilker, W.B., Berlin, J.A., Brensinger, C., Rustgi,
A.K. Detection of Proximal Adenomatous Polyps With Screening Sigmoidoscopy: A
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Screening Colonoscopy. Arch Intern Med 2003;163,
413-420
28. Winawer, S. J., Zauber, A. G., Ho, M. N., O' Brien, M. J., Gottlieb, L. S., Sternberg, S.
S., Waye, J. D., Schapiro, M., Bond, J. H., Panish, J. F., Ackroyd, F., Shike, M., Kurtz, R. C.,
Hornsby-Lewis, L., Gerdes, H., Stewart, E. T& The National Polyp Study Workgroup.
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer by Colonoscopic Polypectomy N Engl J Med 1993; 329,
1977-1981
29. Citarda, F., Tomaselli, G., Capocaccia, R., Barcherini, S., Crespi, M. & The Italian
Multicentre Study Group. Efficacy in standard clinical practice of colonoscopic polypectomy
in reducing colorectal cancer incidence Gut 2001; 48, 812-815.
30. Rex, D. K., Johnson, D. A., Lieberman, D. A., Burt, R. W. & Sonnenberg, A.
Colorectal cancer prevention 2000: screening recommendations of the American College of
Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterology 2000; 95:868-877
31. Helen M. Fenlon HM, Nunes DP Comparison of Virtual and Conventional
Colonoscopy for the Detection of Colorectal Polyps N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1496-1503
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Published
2006-01-01
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Namah, M. . (2006). Colorectal Cancer Screening- mainstay of prevention. Trinity Student Medical Journal , 7(1). Retrieved from https://ojs.tchpc.tcd.ie/index.php/tsmj/article/view/1937
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