Multiple Sclerosis: The Most Common Neurological Disorder of Young Adults
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MedicineReferences
1. McGuigan C, McCarthy A, Quigley C, Bannan L, Hawkins SA, Hutchinson M.
Latitudinal variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Ireland, an effect of
genetic diversity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;75(4):572-6.
2. Hafler DA, Slavik JM, Anderson DE, O'Connor KC, De Jager P, Baecher-Allan
C. Multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev. 2005 Apr;204:208-31.
3. Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology.
1996 Apr;46(4):907-11.
4. Clark CRA. Neurological Disease. In: Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical Medicine. 6th
Ed. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 1234 – 1236
5. Weinshenker BG. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 1996
May;14(2):291-308.
6. Kuusisto H, Kaprio J, Kinnunen E, Luukkaala T, Koskenvuo M, Elovaara I. Concordance and heritability of multiple sclerosis in Finland: study on a nationwide series of twins. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Oct;15(10):1106-10. Epub 2008 Aug 25.
7. O'Connor KC, Bar-Or A, Hafler DA. The neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis: possible roles of T and B lymphocytes in immunopathogenesis. J Clin Immunol.
2001 Mar;21(2):81-92.
8. Michael-Titus A, Revest P, Shortland P. The Nervous System. Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone; 2007. p. 38-41
9. Persidsky Y. Ramirez SH. Haorah J. Kanmogne GD. Blood-brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function Under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions. J
Neuroimmune Pharmacol (2006) 1:223-236
10. Frosch MP, Anthony DC, De Girolami U. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N.
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders; 2005. p. 1383
11. Hohlfeld R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997;120:865–916.
12. Kierdorf K, Wang Y, Neumann H. Immune-Mediated CNS Damage.Results
Probl Cell Differ. 2009 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print]
13. Titlić M, Orsolić K, Tonkić A, Jukić I, Lusić I. [Brain damage assessment in patients with multiple sclerosis by means of MRI]. Acta Med Croatica. 2008
Feb;62(1):5-8.
14. Sherwood L. Human Physiology From Cells to Systems. 6th Ed. [Belmont, CA ;
London]: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 2007. p. 100
15. Turlough Fitzgerald M J, Gruener G, Mtui E. Clinical Neuroanatomy and
Neuroscience. 5th Ed. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. p. 78-87.
16. Cook SD. Does epstein-barr virus cause multiple sclerosis? Rev Neurol Dis.
2004 Summer;1(3):115-23.
17. Haahr S, Höllsberg P. Multiple sclerosis is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Rev Med Virol. 2006 Sep-Oct;16(5):297-310.
18. Rohowsky-Kochan C, Dowling PC, Cook SD. Canine distemper virus-specific
antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1995 Aug;45(8):1554-60.
19. Svejgaard A. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics. 2008
Jun;60(6):275-86. Epub 2008 May 7.
20. Al-Araji AH, Oger J. Reappraisal of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis.
Mult Scler. 2005 Aug;11(4):398-402.
21. Nicholas RS, Friede T, Hollis S, Young CA. Anticholinergics for urinary symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan
21;(1):CD004193.
22. Perić V, Drulović J, Stojsavljević N, Sokić D, Dragutinović G, Lević Z. [Sensitivity of criteria for MRI interpretation in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Srp
Arh Celok Lek. 1997 Jan-Feb;125(1-2):14-8.
23. Marshall WJ, Bangert SK. Clinical Chemistry. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Mosby;
2008. p. 311
24. Link H, Huang YM. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid:
an update on methodology and clinical usefulness. J Neuroimmunol. 2006
Nov;180(1-2):17-28. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
25. Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Filippi M. Secondary
progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges. Lancet
Neurol. 2006 Apr;5(4):343-54.
26. Miller DH, Leary SM. Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol.
2007 Oct;6(10):903-12.
27. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society. http://www.nationalmssociety.org/living-with-multiple-sclerosis/living-with-advanced-ms/progressivedisease/index.aspx
28. Fontaine B. Borderline forms of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2001
Sep;157(8-9 Pt 2):929-34.
29. P. Ragonese, P. Aridon, G. Salemi, M. DAmelio and G. Savettieri. Mortality in
multiple sclerosis: a review. European Journal of Neurology 2008, 15: 123–127
30. Ragonese P, Aridon P, Salemi G, D'Amelio M, Savettieri G. Mortality in multiple sclerosis: a review.Eur J Neurol. 2008 Feb;15(2):123-7.
31. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
http://www.msrc.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=show&pageid=1703
32. Barnes F. Care of people with multiple sclerosis in the community setting. Br J
Community Nurs. 2007 Dec;12(12):552, 554-7.
33. Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation
for adults with multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med J. 2008 Jul;84(993):385.
34. NICE Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline 8 November 2003. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg008guidance.pdf
35. Longmore M, Wilkinson I, Turmezei T, Cheung CK. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. 7th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 488
36. McCormack PL, Scott LJ. Spotlight on Interferon-beta-1b in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. BioDrugs. 2004;18(5):343-7.
37. Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R. Interferon-beta treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Sep;8(9):1435-
47.
38. Zivadinov R, Munschauer FE, Ramanathan M, Benedict RH, WeinstockGuttman B. Clinical efficacy, effects on MRI and tolerability of weekly intramuscular interferon-beta-1a in patients with MS and CIS. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008
Aug;44(8):601-13.
39. Invernizzi P, Benedetti MD, Poli S, Monaco S. Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008 Aug;8(9):919-26.
40. Schrempf W, Ziemssen T. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple
sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2007 Aug;6(7):469-75. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
41. Blanchette F, Neuhaus O. Glatiramer acetate: evidence for a dual mechanism of
action. J Neurol. 2008 Mar;255 Suppl 1:26-36.
42. Simpson D, Noble S, Perry C. Spotlight on glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. BioDrugs. 2003;17(3):207-10.
43. Rudick RA, Sandrock A. Natalizumab: alpha 4-integrin antagonist selective
adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004 Jul;4(4):571-80.
44. Putzki N, Kollia K, Woods S, Igwe E, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Natalizumab is
effective as second line therapy in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple
sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]
45. Ory S, Debouverie M, Le Page E, Pelletier J, Malikova I, Gout O, Roullet E,
Vermersch P, Edan G. Use of mitoxantrone in early multiple sclerosis with malignant disease course. Observational study in 30 patients with clinical and MRI outcomes after one year. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008 Dec;164(12):1028-34. Epub 2008
Jun 9.
46. Pattoneri P, Sozzi F, Pelà G, Montanari E, Moruzzi P, Borghetti A, Domenica
Cappellini M. Assessment of Mitoxantrone-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Patients
with Multiple Sclerosis: A Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Analysis. Echocardiography. 2008 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print]
47. Pielen A, Goffette S, Van Pesch V, Gille M, Sindic CJ. Mitoxantrone-related
acute leukemia in two MS patients. Acta Neurol Belg. 2008 Sep;108(3):99-102.
48. Russo EB. Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain. Ther Clin
Risk Manag. 2008 Feb;4(1):245-59.
49. Stebulis JA, Johnson DR, Rossetti RG, Burstein SH, Zurier RB. Ajulemic acid,
a synthetic cannabinoid acid, induces an antiinflammatory profile of eicosanoids in
human synovial cells. Life Sci. 2008 Nov 7;83(19-20):666-70. Epub 2008 Sep 21.
50. Liao JJ, Huang MC, Fast K, Gundling K, Yadav M, Van Brocklyn JR, Wabl
MR, Goetzl EJ. Immunosuppressive human anti-lymphocyte autoantibodies specific for the type 1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. FASEB J. 2009 Jan 21. [Epub
ahead of print]
51. Massberg S, von Andrian UH. Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate--modifiers of lymphocyte migration. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 14;355(11):1088-91.
52. O'Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, de Vera A, Pohlmann
H, Kappos L; FTY720 D2201 Study Group. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple
sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology. 2009 Jan
6;72(1):73-9.
Latitudinal variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Ireland, an effect of
genetic diversity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;75(4):572-6.
2. Hafler DA, Slavik JM, Anderson DE, O'Connor KC, De Jager P, Baecher-Allan
C. Multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev. 2005 Apr;204:208-31.
3. Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology.
1996 Apr;46(4):907-11.
4. Clark CRA. Neurological Disease. In: Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical Medicine. 6th
Ed. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 1234 – 1236
5. Weinshenker BG. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 1996
May;14(2):291-308.
6. Kuusisto H, Kaprio J, Kinnunen E, Luukkaala T, Koskenvuo M, Elovaara I. Concordance and heritability of multiple sclerosis in Finland: study on a nationwide series of twins. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Oct;15(10):1106-10. Epub 2008 Aug 25.
7. O'Connor KC, Bar-Or A, Hafler DA. The neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis: possible roles of T and B lymphocytes in immunopathogenesis. J Clin Immunol.
2001 Mar;21(2):81-92.
8. Michael-Titus A, Revest P, Shortland P. The Nervous System. Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone; 2007. p. 38-41
9. Persidsky Y. Ramirez SH. Haorah J. Kanmogne GD. Blood-brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function Under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions. J
Neuroimmune Pharmacol (2006) 1:223-236
10. Frosch MP, Anthony DC, De Girolami U. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N.
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders; 2005. p. 1383
11. Hohlfeld R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997;120:865–916.
12. Kierdorf K, Wang Y, Neumann H. Immune-Mediated CNS Damage.Results
Probl Cell Differ. 2009 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print]
13. Titlić M, Orsolić K, Tonkić A, Jukić I, Lusić I. [Brain damage assessment in patients with multiple sclerosis by means of MRI]. Acta Med Croatica. 2008
Feb;62(1):5-8.
14. Sherwood L. Human Physiology From Cells to Systems. 6th Ed. [Belmont, CA ;
London]: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 2007. p. 100
15. Turlough Fitzgerald M J, Gruener G, Mtui E. Clinical Neuroanatomy and
Neuroscience. 5th Ed. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. p. 78-87.
16. Cook SD. Does epstein-barr virus cause multiple sclerosis? Rev Neurol Dis.
2004 Summer;1(3):115-23.
17. Haahr S, Höllsberg P. Multiple sclerosis is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Rev Med Virol. 2006 Sep-Oct;16(5):297-310.
18. Rohowsky-Kochan C, Dowling PC, Cook SD. Canine distemper virus-specific
antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1995 Aug;45(8):1554-60.
19. Svejgaard A. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics. 2008
Jun;60(6):275-86. Epub 2008 May 7.
20. Al-Araji AH, Oger J. Reappraisal of Lhermitte's sign in multiple sclerosis.
Mult Scler. 2005 Aug;11(4):398-402.
21. Nicholas RS, Friede T, Hollis S, Young CA. Anticholinergics for urinary symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan
21;(1):CD004193.
22. Perić V, Drulović J, Stojsavljević N, Sokić D, Dragutinović G, Lević Z. [Sensitivity of criteria for MRI interpretation in patients with multiple sclerosis]. Srp
Arh Celok Lek. 1997 Jan-Feb;125(1-2):14-8.
23. Marshall WJ, Bangert SK. Clinical Chemistry. 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Mosby;
2008. p. 311
24. Link H, Huang YM. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid:
an update on methodology and clinical usefulness. J Neuroimmunol. 2006
Nov;180(1-2):17-28. Epub 2006 Sep 1.
25. Rovaris M, Confavreux C, Furlan R, Kappos L, Comi G, Filippi M. Secondary
progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges. Lancet
Neurol. 2006 Apr;5(4):343-54.
26. Miller DH, Leary SM. Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol.
2007 Oct;6(10):903-12.
27. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society. http://www.nationalmssociety.org/living-with-multiple-sclerosis/living-with-advanced-ms/progressivedisease/index.aspx
28. Fontaine B. Borderline forms of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2001
Sep;157(8-9 Pt 2):929-34.
29. P. Ragonese, P. Aridon, G. Salemi, M. DAmelio and G. Savettieri. Mortality in
multiple sclerosis: a review. European Journal of Neurology 2008, 15: 123–127
30. Ragonese P, Aridon P, Salemi G, D'Amelio M, Savettieri G. Mortality in multiple sclerosis: a review.Eur J Neurol. 2008 Feb;15(2):123-7.
31. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
http://www.msrc.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=show&pageid=1703
32. Barnes F. Care of people with multiple sclerosis in the community setting. Br J
Community Nurs. 2007 Dec;12(12):552, 554-7.
33. Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation
for adults with multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med J. 2008 Jul;84(993):385.
34. NICE Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline 8 November 2003. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg008guidance.pdf
35. Longmore M, Wilkinson I, Turmezei T, Cheung CK. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. 7th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 488
36. McCormack PL, Scott LJ. Spotlight on Interferon-beta-1b in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. BioDrugs. 2004;18(5):343-7.
37. Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R. Interferon-beta treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Sep;8(9):1435-
47.
38. Zivadinov R, Munschauer FE, Ramanathan M, Benedict RH, WeinstockGuttman B. Clinical efficacy, effects on MRI and tolerability of weekly intramuscular interferon-beta-1a in patients with MS and CIS. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008
Aug;44(8):601-13.
39. Invernizzi P, Benedetti MD, Poli S, Monaco S. Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008 Aug;8(9):919-26.
40. Schrempf W, Ziemssen T. Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple
sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2007 Aug;6(7):469-75. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
41. Blanchette F, Neuhaus O. Glatiramer acetate: evidence for a dual mechanism of
action. J Neurol. 2008 Mar;255 Suppl 1:26-36.
42. Simpson D, Noble S, Perry C. Spotlight on glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. BioDrugs. 2003;17(3):207-10.
43. Rudick RA, Sandrock A. Natalizumab: alpha 4-integrin antagonist selective
adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS. Expert Rev Neurother. 2004 Jul;4(4):571-80.
44. Putzki N, Kollia K, Woods S, Igwe E, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Natalizumab is
effective as second line therapy in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple
sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]
45. Ory S, Debouverie M, Le Page E, Pelletier J, Malikova I, Gout O, Roullet E,
Vermersch P, Edan G. Use of mitoxantrone in early multiple sclerosis with malignant disease course. Observational study in 30 patients with clinical and MRI outcomes after one year. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008 Dec;164(12):1028-34. Epub 2008
Jun 9.
46. Pattoneri P, Sozzi F, Pelà G, Montanari E, Moruzzi P, Borghetti A, Domenica
Cappellini M. Assessment of Mitoxantrone-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Patients
with Multiple Sclerosis: A Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Analysis. Echocardiography. 2008 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print]
47. Pielen A, Goffette S, Van Pesch V, Gille M, Sindic CJ. Mitoxantrone-related
acute leukemia in two MS patients. Acta Neurol Belg. 2008 Sep;108(3):99-102.
48. Russo EB. Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain. Ther Clin
Risk Manag. 2008 Feb;4(1):245-59.
49. Stebulis JA, Johnson DR, Rossetti RG, Burstein SH, Zurier RB. Ajulemic acid,
a synthetic cannabinoid acid, induces an antiinflammatory profile of eicosanoids in
human synovial cells. Life Sci. 2008 Nov 7;83(19-20):666-70. Epub 2008 Sep 21.
50. Liao JJ, Huang MC, Fast K, Gundling K, Yadav M, Van Brocklyn JR, Wabl
MR, Goetzl EJ. Immunosuppressive human anti-lymphocyte autoantibodies specific for the type 1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. FASEB J. 2009 Jan 21. [Epub
ahead of print]
51. Massberg S, von Andrian UH. Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate--modifiers of lymphocyte migration. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 14;355(11):1088-91.
52. O'Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, de Vera A, Pohlmann
H, Kappos L; FTY720 D2201 Study Group. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple
sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology. 2009 Jan
6;72(1):73-9.
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2009-01-01
How to Cite
Campbell, T. . (2009). Multiple Sclerosis: The Most Common Neurological Disorder of Young Adults. Trinity Student Medical Journal , 10(1), 39–42. Retrieved from https://ojs.tchpc.tcd.ie/index.php/tsmj/article/view/1630
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