New neurons in the adult hippocampus: Hope or hype?
Keywords:
MedicineAbstract
Stem-cell research has caused a paradigm shift in our understanding of brain function and regeneration. Discovery of the production of func- tional neurons in the adult hippocampus, a neurogenic niche of the cen- tral nervous system (CNS), has refuted the long held theory proposed by Ramon y Cajal that in the CNS “everything may die, nothing may be regenerated”. Neurotrophic factors, activity-dependent neurogenesis, downregulation factors and post-translational regulatory mechanisms seem to interact in a complex and still ill-explored fashion to control this endogenous regenerative process. Moreover, in animal models, upregu- lation of neurogenesis is achieved with fluoxetine and other antidepres- sant therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), demonstrating the clinical relevance of this mechanism. In fact, recent studies suggest that the upregulation of neurogenesis might also provide treatments for conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke.
References
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2 Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov O, Davies K, Schef- fler B, Thomas LB et al. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neuro- genic regions of adult human brain. Experimental Neurology. 1999; 156:333-44.
3 Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Medicine. 1998; 4:1313-17.
4 Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ.
Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippo- campal formation. Nature Neuroscience. 1999; 2:260- 5.
5 Kornack DR, Rakic P. Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999; 96:5768-73.
6 Gould E. How widespread is adult neurogenesis in mammals? Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2007; 8:481-8.
7 Toni N, Laplagne DA, Zhao C, Lombardi G, Ribak CE, Gage FH, et al. Neurons born in the adult dentate gy- rus form functional synapses with target cells. Nature Neuroscience. 2008; 11:901-7.
8 Doetsch F, Hen R. Young and excitable: the function of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. Cur- rent Opinion in Neurobiology. 2005; 15:121-128.
9 Van Praag H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palm- er TD, Gage FH. Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature. 2002; 415:1030-4.
10 Ming G, Song H. Adult neurogenesis in the mam- malian central nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2005; 28:223-50.
11 Suh H, Consiglio A, Ray J, Sawai T, D’Amour K, Gage F. In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox-2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell. 2007; 1:515-28. 12 Sahay A, Hen R. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nature Neuroscience. 2007; 10:1110-5. 13 Lee Q, Son H. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and related neurotrophic factors. Biochemistry and Mo- lecular Biology Reports. 2009; 42:239-44.
14 Maguire EA, Burgess N, O’Keefe J. Human spatial navigation: cognitive maps, sexual dimorphism, and neural substrates. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1999; 9:171-7.
15 Leonardo ED, Richardson-Jones JW, Sibille E, Kott- man A, Hen R. Molecular heterogeneity along the dorsal-ventral axis of the murine hippocampal CA1 field: A microarray analysis of gene expression. Neu- roscience. 2006; 137:177-86.
16 Grote HE, Hannan AJ. Regulators of neurogenesis in the healthy and the diseased brain. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2007; 34:533-44.
17 Brezun JM, Daszuta A. Depletion in serotonin de- creases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of adult rats. Neuroscience. 1999; 89:999-1002.
18 Patel TD, Azmitia EC, Zhou FC. Increased 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions in the cin- gulum bundle and fimbria-fornix. Behavioural Brain Response. 1996; 73:319-23.
19 Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002; 99:11946-50.
20 Palmer TD, Willhoite AR, Gage FH. Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Journal of Com- parative Neurology. 2000; 425:479-94.
21 Song H, Stevens CF, Gage FH. Astroglia induce neu- rogenesis from adult neural stem cells. Nature. 2002; 417:39-44.
22 Lie DC, Colamarino SA, Song H, Désiré L, Mira H, Consiglio A et al. Wnt signalling regulates adult hip- pocampal neurogenesis. Nature. 2005; 437: 1370-5. 23 Morshead CM, Reynolds BA, Craig CG, McBurney MW, Staines WA, Morassutti D, et al. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neu- ron. 1994; 13:1071-82.
24 Johansson CB, Svensson M, Wallstedt L, Janson AM, Frisén J. Neural stem cells in the adult human
brain. Experimental Cell Research. 1999; 253:733-6.
25 Ramirez-Castillejo C, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Andreu- Agulló C, Ferrón SR, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Sánchez P, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a niche signal for neural stem cell renewal. Nature Neuroscience. 2006; 9:331-9.
26 Ueki T, Tanaka M, Yamashita K, Mikawa S, Qiu Z, et al. Neurogenesin-1, provides neurogenic environmen- tal cues for neural stem cells in the adult hippocam- pus. Journal of Neuroscience. 2003; 23: 11732-40.
27 Deisseroth K, Singla S, Toda H, Monje M, Palmer TD, Malenka RC. Excitation-Neurogenesis coupling in adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Neuron. 2004; 42:535-52.
28 Grote HE, Hannan AJ. Regulators of adult neuro- genesis in the healthy and diseased brain. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physio. 2007; 34:533-45.
29 Cameron HA, McEwen BS, Gould E. Regulation of adult neurogenesis by excitatory input and NMDA re- ceptor activation in the dentate gyrus. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1995; 15: 4687–92.
30 Shors TJ, Townsend DA, Zhao M, Kozorovitskiy Y, Gould E. Neurogenesis may relate to some but not all types of hippocampal-dependent learning. Hippo- campus. 2002; 12:578-584.
31 Hairston IS, Little M, Scanlon M, Barakat MT, Palm- er TD, Sapolsky RM, et al. Sleep Restriction suppress- es neurogenesis induced by hippocampus-dependent learning. J. Neurophysiol. 2005; 94:4224-4233.
32 Van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long- term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999; 96:13427-31.
33 Naylor AS, Bull C, Nilsson M, Zhu C, Björk-Eriksson T, Eriksson PS, et al. Voluntary running rescues adult hippocampal neurogenesis after irradiation of the young mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105:14632-7.
34 Åberg M, Pedersen NL, Torén K, Svartengren M, Bäckstrand B, Johnsson T, et al. Cardiovascular fit- ness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106:20906-11.
35 Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ. Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippo- campal formation. Nature Neuroscience. 1999; 2:260- 5.
36 Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W. Leptin: a poten- tial novel antidepressant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006; 103:1593-8.
37 Stangl D, Thuret S. Impact of diet on adult hippo- campal neurogenesis. Genes & Nutrition. 2009; 4:271- 82.
38 Meerlo P, Mistlberger RE, Jacobs BL, Heller HC, Mc- Ginty D. New neurons in the adult brain: the role of sleep and consequences of sleep loss. Sleep medicine reviews. 2009; 13:187-94.
39 Paizanis E, Kelaï S, Renoir T, Hamon M, Lamfumey L. Life-long hippocampal neurogenesis: Environmen- tal, Pharmacological and Neurochemical Modula- tions. Neurochemical Research. 2007; 32:1762-71.
40 Danzer SC, Kotloski RJ, Walter C, Hughes M, Mc- Namara JO. Altered morphology of hippocampal dentate granule cell presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals following conditional deletion of TrkB. Hip- pocampus. 2008; 18:668-678.
41 Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain de- rived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 m-RNA in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience. 1995; 15:1768-77.
42 Rasmussen AM, Shi L, Duman, R. Downregula- tion of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampal dentate gy- rus after re-exposure to cues previously associatedwith footshock. Neuropsycho-pharmacology. 2002; 271:133-42.
43 Song L, Che W, Min-wei W, Murakami Y, Matsu- moto K. Impairment of the spatial learning and mem- ory induced by learned helplessness and chronic mild stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006; 83:186-93. 44 Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, Surget A, Battaglia F, Dulawa S et al. Requirement of hippocampal neuro- genesis for the behavioral effects of Antidepressants. Science. 2003; 301:805-9.
45 Banerjee SB, Rajendran R, Dias BG, Ladiwala U, Tole S, Vaidya VA. Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog sig- nalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2005; 22:1570-80. 46 Rajendran R, Jha S, Fernandes KA, Banerjee SB, Mohammad F, Dias BG, Vaidya VA. Monoaminergic regulation of Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade ex- pression in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters. 2009; 453:190-4.
47 Vallières L, Campbell IL, Gage FH, Sawchenko PE. Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Trans- genic Mice with Chronic Astrocytic Production of Interleukin-6. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2002; 22:486-92.
48 Vaidya VA, Duman RS. Depression – emerging in- sights from neurobiology. British Medical Bulletin. 2001; 57:61-79.
49 Levenson JM, Sweatt JD. Epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005; 6:108-18.
50 Huang Y, Doherty JJ, Dingledine R. Altered histone acetylation at glutamate receptor 2 and brain-de- rived neurotrophic factor genes is an early event trig- gered by status epilepticus. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002; 22:8422-8.
51 Tsankova NM, Kumar A, Nestler EJ. Histone modifi- cations at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004; 24:5603-10.
52 Ma DK, Jang M, Guo J, Kitabatake Y, Chang M, Pow-
anpongkul N, et al. Neuronal activity-induced Gad- d45b promotes epigenetic DNA demethylation and adult neurogenesis. Science. 2009; 323:1074-7.
53 Ambros, V. The function of animal microRNAs. Na- ture. 2004; 431:350-355.
54 Cheng L, Pastrana E, Tavazoie M, Doetsch F. miR- 124 regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricu- lar zone stem cell niche. Nature Neuroscience. 2009; 12, 399–408.
55 Shen Q, Temple S. Fine control: microRNA regu- lation of adult neurogenesis. Nature Neuroscience. 2009; 12:369-70.
56 Makeyev EV, Maniatis T. Multilevel Regulation of Gene Expression by MicroRNAs. Science. 2008; 319:1789-90.
57 Perera TD, Coplan JD, Lisanby SH, Lipira CM, Arif M, Carpio C, et al. Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult nonhuman primates. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007; 27:4894-901.
58 Segi-Nishida E, Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. Electroconvulsive seizure and VEGF increase the pro- liferation of neural stem-like cells in rat hippocam- pus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105:11352-7.
59 Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS, Fitzsimons L, Lisanby SH, Payne N, et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive ef- fects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimulation. 2008; 1:71-83.
60 Nadareishvili Z, Hallenbeck J. Neuronal regenera- tion after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348:2355-6.
61 Kaslin J, Ganz J, Brand M. Proliferation, neurogen- esis and regeneration in the non-mammalian verte- brate brain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2008; 363:101-22. 62 Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precur- sors in the adult brain after stroke. Nature Medicine. 2002; 8:963-70.
63 Liu J, Solway K, Messing RO, Sharp FR. Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischaemia in gerbils. Journal of Neuroscience.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1998; 18: 7768-78.
64 Kalluri H, Dempsey RJ. Growth factors, stem cells, and stroke. Neurosurgical Focus. 2008; 24 (3&4):E13. 65 González-Martínez JA, Bingaman WE, Toms SA, Najm IM. Neurogenesis in the postnatal human epi- leptic brain. Jour of Neurosurgery. 2007; 107:628-35. 66 Shear DA, Tate MC, Archer DR, et al: Neural pro- genitor cell transplants promote long-term func- tional recovery after traumatic brain injury. Brain Research. 2004; 1026:11-22.
67 Bambakidis NC, Theodore N, Nakaji P, Harvey A, Sonntag V, Preul M, et al. Endogenous stem cell proliferation after central nervous system injury: al- ternative therapeutic options. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19(3):E1.
68 Xiong Y, Lu D, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Mah- mood A, et al. Effects of erythropoietin on reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. Journal of Neu- rosurgery. 2008; 109:510-521.
69 Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang R, Chopp M. Treatment of Stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angionesis and improves neuro- logical function in rats. Stroke. 2004; 35:1732-7.
70 Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembrowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M et al. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Molecular Medicine. 2002; 8: 495-505.
71 Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, Scheidr D, Weimar C, Wartenberg K et al. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. 2009; 40:647-656.
72 Dame C. Back to the Ground. Stroke. 2010; 41:166. 73 Colucci-D’Ammato L, Bonavita V, di Porzio U. The end of the central dogma of neurobiology: stem cells and neurogenesis in adult CNS. Neurological Sciences. 2006; 27:266-270.
74 Christie BR. Exercising some control over the hip- pocampus. Hippocampus. 2009; 19:887-888.
2 Kukekov VG, Laywell ED, Suslov O, Davies K, Schef- fler B, Thomas LB et al. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neuro- genic regions of adult human brain. Experimental Neurology. 1999; 156:333-44.
3 Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Medicine. 1998; 4:1313-17.
4 Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ.
Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippo- campal formation. Nature Neuroscience. 1999; 2:260- 5.
5 Kornack DR, Rakic P. Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999; 96:5768-73.
6 Gould E. How widespread is adult neurogenesis in mammals? Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2007; 8:481-8.
7 Toni N, Laplagne DA, Zhao C, Lombardi G, Ribak CE, Gage FH, et al. Neurons born in the adult dentate gy- rus form functional synapses with target cells. Nature Neuroscience. 2008; 11:901-7.
8 Doetsch F, Hen R. Young and excitable: the function of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. Cur- rent Opinion in Neurobiology. 2005; 15:121-128.
9 Van Praag H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palm- er TD, Gage FH. Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature. 2002; 415:1030-4.
10 Ming G, Song H. Adult neurogenesis in the mam- malian central nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2005; 28:223-50.
11 Suh H, Consiglio A, Ray J, Sawai T, D’Amour K, Gage F. In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox-2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell. 2007; 1:515-28. 12 Sahay A, Hen R. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nature Neuroscience. 2007; 10:1110-5. 13 Lee Q, Son H. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and related neurotrophic factors. Biochemistry and Mo- lecular Biology Reports. 2009; 42:239-44.
14 Maguire EA, Burgess N, O’Keefe J. Human spatial navigation: cognitive maps, sexual dimorphism, and neural substrates. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1999; 9:171-7.
15 Leonardo ED, Richardson-Jones JW, Sibille E, Kott- man A, Hen R. Molecular heterogeneity along the dorsal-ventral axis of the murine hippocampal CA1 field: A microarray analysis of gene expression. Neu- roscience. 2006; 137:177-86.
16 Grote HE, Hannan AJ. Regulators of neurogenesis in the healthy and the diseased brain. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2007; 34:533-44.
17 Brezun JM, Daszuta A. Depletion in serotonin de- creases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of adult rats. Neuroscience. 1999; 89:999-1002.
18 Patel TD, Azmitia EC, Zhou FC. Increased 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions in the cin- gulum bundle and fimbria-fornix. Behavioural Brain Response. 1996; 73:319-23.
19 Jin K, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Mao XO, Xie L, Greenberg DA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002; 99:11946-50.
20 Palmer TD, Willhoite AR, Gage FH. Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Journal of Com- parative Neurology. 2000; 425:479-94.
21 Song H, Stevens CF, Gage FH. Astroglia induce neu- rogenesis from adult neural stem cells. Nature. 2002; 417:39-44.
22 Lie DC, Colamarino SA, Song H, Désiré L, Mira H, Consiglio A et al. Wnt signalling regulates adult hip- pocampal neurogenesis. Nature. 2005; 437: 1370-5. 23 Morshead CM, Reynolds BA, Craig CG, McBurney MW, Staines WA, Morassutti D, et al. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neu- ron. 1994; 13:1071-82.
24 Johansson CB, Svensson M, Wallstedt L, Janson AM, Frisén J. Neural stem cells in the adult human
brain. Experimental Cell Research. 1999; 253:733-6.
25 Ramirez-Castillejo C, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Andreu- Agulló C, Ferrón SR, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Sánchez P, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a niche signal for neural stem cell renewal. Nature Neuroscience. 2006; 9:331-9.
26 Ueki T, Tanaka M, Yamashita K, Mikawa S, Qiu Z, et al. Neurogenesin-1, provides neurogenic environmen- tal cues for neural stem cells in the adult hippocam- pus. Journal of Neuroscience. 2003; 23: 11732-40.
27 Deisseroth K, Singla S, Toda H, Monje M, Palmer TD, Malenka RC. Excitation-Neurogenesis coupling in adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Neuron. 2004; 42:535-52.
28 Grote HE, Hannan AJ. Regulators of adult neuro- genesis in the healthy and diseased brain. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physio. 2007; 34:533-45.
29 Cameron HA, McEwen BS, Gould E. Regulation of adult neurogenesis by excitatory input and NMDA re- ceptor activation in the dentate gyrus. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1995; 15: 4687–92.
30 Shors TJ, Townsend DA, Zhao M, Kozorovitskiy Y, Gould E. Neurogenesis may relate to some but not all types of hippocampal-dependent learning. Hippo- campus. 2002; 12:578-584.
31 Hairston IS, Little M, Scanlon M, Barakat MT, Palm- er TD, Sapolsky RM, et al. Sleep Restriction suppress- es neurogenesis induced by hippocampus-dependent learning. J. Neurophysiol. 2005; 94:4224-4233.
32 Van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long- term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999; 96:13427-31.
33 Naylor AS, Bull C, Nilsson M, Zhu C, Björk-Eriksson T, Eriksson PS, et al. Voluntary running rescues adult hippocampal neurogenesis after irradiation of the young mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105:14632-7.
34 Åberg M, Pedersen NL, Torén K, Svartengren M, Bäckstrand B, Johnsson T, et al. Cardiovascular fit- ness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009; 106:20906-11.
35 Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ. Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippo- campal formation. Nature Neuroscience. 1999; 2:260- 5.
36 Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W. Leptin: a poten- tial novel antidepressant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006; 103:1593-8.
37 Stangl D, Thuret S. Impact of diet on adult hippo- campal neurogenesis. Genes & Nutrition. 2009; 4:271- 82.
38 Meerlo P, Mistlberger RE, Jacobs BL, Heller HC, Mc- Ginty D. New neurons in the adult brain: the role of sleep and consequences of sleep loss. Sleep medicine reviews. 2009; 13:187-94.
39 Paizanis E, Kelaï S, Renoir T, Hamon M, Lamfumey L. Life-long hippocampal neurogenesis: Environmen- tal, Pharmacological and Neurochemical Modula- tions. Neurochemical Research. 2007; 32:1762-71.
40 Danzer SC, Kotloski RJ, Walter C, Hughes M, Mc- Namara JO. Altered morphology of hippocampal dentate granule cell presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals following conditional deletion of TrkB. Hip- pocampus. 2008; 18:668-678.
41 Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain de- rived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 m-RNA in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience. 1995; 15:1768-77.
42 Rasmussen AM, Shi L, Duman, R. Downregula- tion of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampal dentate gy- rus after re-exposure to cues previously associatedwith footshock. Neuropsycho-pharmacology. 2002; 271:133-42.
43 Song L, Che W, Min-wei W, Murakami Y, Matsu- moto K. Impairment of the spatial learning and mem- ory induced by learned helplessness and chronic mild stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006; 83:186-93. 44 Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, Surget A, Battaglia F, Dulawa S et al. Requirement of hippocampal neuro- genesis for the behavioral effects of Antidepressants. Science. 2003; 301:805-9.
45 Banerjee SB, Rajendran R, Dias BG, Ladiwala U, Tole S, Vaidya VA. Recruitment of the Sonic hedgehog sig- nalling cascade in electroconvulsive seizure-mediated regulation of adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2005; 22:1570-80. 46 Rajendran R, Jha S, Fernandes KA, Banerjee SB, Mohammad F, Dias BG, Vaidya VA. Monoaminergic regulation of Sonic hedgehog signalling cascade ex- pression in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuroscience Letters. 2009; 453:190-4.
47 Vallières L, Campbell IL, Gage FH, Sawchenko PE. Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Trans- genic Mice with Chronic Astrocytic Production of Interleukin-6. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2002; 22:486-92.
48 Vaidya VA, Duman RS. Depression – emerging in- sights from neurobiology. British Medical Bulletin. 2001; 57:61-79.
49 Levenson JM, Sweatt JD. Epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005; 6:108-18.
50 Huang Y, Doherty JJ, Dingledine R. Altered histone acetylation at glutamate receptor 2 and brain-de- rived neurotrophic factor genes is an early event trig- gered by status epilepticus. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002; 22:8422-8.
51 Tsankova NM, Kumar A, Nestler EJ. Histone modifi- cations at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004; 24:5603-10.
52 Ma DK, Jang M, Guo J, Kitabatake Y, Chang M, Pow-
anpongkul N, et al. Neuronal activity-induced Gad- d45b promotes epigenetic DNA demethylation and adult neurogenesis. Science. 2009; 323:1074-7.
53 Ambros, V. The function of animal microRNAs. Na- ture. 2004; 431:350-355.
54 Cheng L, Pastrana E, Tavazoie M, Doetsch F. miR- 124 regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricu- lar zone stem cell niche. Nature Neuroscience. 2009; 12, 399–408.
55 Shen Q, Temple S. Fine control: microRNA regu- lation of adult neurogenesis. Nature Neuroscience. 2009; 12:369-70.
56 Makeyev EV, Maniatis T. Multilevel Regulation of Gene Expression by MicroRNAs. Science. 2008; 319:1789-90.
57 Perera TD, Coplan JD, Lisanby SH, Lipira CM, Arif M, Carpio C, et al. Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult nonhuman primates. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007; 27:4894-901.
58 Segi-Nishida E, Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. Electroconvulsive seizure and VEGF increase the pro- liferation of neural stem-like cells in rat hippocam- pus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105:11352-7.
59 Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS, Fitzsimons L, Lisanby SH, Payne N, et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive ef- fects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimulation. 2008; 1:71-83.
60 Nadareishvili Z, Hallenbeck J. Neuronal regenera- tion after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348:2355-6.
61 Kaslin J, Ganz J, Brand M. Proliferation, neurogen- esis and regeneration in the non-mammalian verte- brate brain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2008; 363:101-22. 62 Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precur- sors in the adult brain after stroke. Nature Medicine. 2002; 8:963-70.
63 Liu J, Solway K, Messing RO, Sharp FR. Increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after transient global ischaemia in gerbils. Journal of Neuroscience.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1998; 18: 7768-78.
64 Kalluri H, Dempsey RJ. Growth factors, stem cells, and stroke. Neurosurgical Focus. 2008; 24 (3&4):E13. 65 González-Martínez JA, Bingaman WE, Toms SA, Najm IM. Neurogenesis in the postnatal human epi- leptic brain. Jour of Neurosurgery. 2007; 107:628-35. 66 Shear DA, Tate MC, Archer DR, et al: Neural pro- genitor cell transplants promote long-term func- tional recovery after traumatic brain injury. Brain Research. 2004; 1026:11-22.
67 Bambakidis NC, Theodore N, Nakaji P, Harvey A, Sonntag V, Preul M, et al. Endogenous stem cell proliferation after central nervous system injury: al- ternative therapeutic options. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19(3):E1.
68 Xiong Y, Lu D, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Mah- mood A, et al. Effects of erythropoietin on reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. Journal of Neu- rosurgery. 2008; 109:510-521.
69 Wang L, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang R, Chopp M. Treatment of Stroke with erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and angionesis and improves neuro- logical function in rats. Stroke. 2004; 35:1732-7.
70 Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembrowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M et al. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Molecular Medicine. 2002; 8: 495-505.
71 Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, Scheidr D, Weimar C, Wartenberg K et al. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. 2009; 40:647-656.
72 Dame C. Back to the Ground. Stroke. 2010; 41:166. 73 Colucci-D’Ammato L, Bonavita V, di Porzio U. The end of the central dogma of neurobiology: stem cells and neurogenesis in adult CNS. Neurological Sciences. 2006; 27:266-270.
74 Christie BR. Exercising some control over the hip- pocampus. Hippocampus. 2009; 19:887-888.
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2010-01-01
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Madaleno, A. M. (2010). New neurons in the adult hippocampus: Hope or hype?. Trinity Student Medical Journal , 11(1), Page 41–47. Retrieved from https://ojs.tchpc.tcd.ie/index.php/tsmj/article/view/1852
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