Systematic Literature Review: Calculative Mechanism Behind Individuals’ Entry to Hybrid Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment

Abstract

By bringing together literature on the phenomena of hybrid entrepreneurship and staged entry into self-employment, this systematic literature review contributes to entrepreneurship scholarship in multiple ways. The paper describes how individuals’ entry into business ownership evolves around salaried employees’ calculative behaviour, which guides them towards multiple-job-holding as a source for maximisation of benefits and affects their subsequent entry into self-employment. Furthermore, this review indicates that the lack of consensus regarding criteria to identify hybrid entrepreneurship affects the criteria regarding staged entry into self-employment. Consequently, this study suggests clear criteria to differentiate hybrid entrepreneurs from self-employed individuals. Importantly, this review extends the existing typology of hybrid entrepreneurs and highlights topics for the future research agenda built on greater definitional acuity. In addition, this study is relevant for practitioners interested in facilitating programmes that foster entrepreneurship attempts by a highly educated and opportunity-driven working population.